vco2 — Implementation of a band-limited oscillator using pre-calculated tables.
vco2 is similar to vco. But the implementation uses pre-calculated tables of band-limited waveforms (see also GEN30) rather than integrating impulses. This opcode can be faster than vco (especially if a low control-rate is used) and also allows better sound quality. Additionally, there are more waveforms and oscillator phase can be modulated at k-rate. The disadvantage is increased memory usage. For more details about vco2 tables, see also vco2init and vco2ft.
imode (optional, default=0) -- a sum of values representing the waveform and its control values.
One may use any of the following values for imode:
16: enable k-rate phase control (if set, kphs is a required k-rate parameter that allows phase modulation)
1: skip initialization
One may use exactly one of these imode values to select the waveform to be generated:
14: user defined waveform -1 (requires using the vco2init opcode)
12: triangle (no ramp, faster)
10: square wave (no PWM, faster)
8: 4 * x * (1 - x) (i.e. integrated sawtooth)
6: pulse (not normalized)
4: sawtooth / triangle / ramp
2: square / PWM
0: sawtooth
The default value for imode is zero, which means a sawtooth wave with no k-rate phase control.
inyx (optional, default=0.5) -- bandwidth of the generated waveform, as percentage (0 to 1) of the sample rate. The expected range is 0 to 0.5 (i.e. up to sr/2), other values are limited to the allowed range.
Setting inyx to 0.25 (sr/4), or 0.3333 (sr/3) can produce a “fatter” sound in some cases, although it is more likely to reduce quality.
ares -- the output audio signal.
kamp -- amplitude scale. In the case of a imode waveform value of 6 (a pulse waveform), the actual output level can be a lot higher than this value.
kcps -- frequency in Hz (should be in the range -sr/2 to sr/2).
kpw (optional) -- the pulse width of the square wave (imode waveform=2) or the ramp characteristics of the triangle wave (imode waveform=4). It is required only by these waveforms and ignored in all other cases. The expected range is 0 to 1, any other value is wrapped to the allowed range.
Warning | |
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kpw must not be an exact integer value (e.g. 0 or 1) if a sawtooth / triangle / ramp (imode waveform=4) is generated. In this case, the recommended range is about 0.01 to 0.99. There is no such limitation for a square/PWM waveform. |
kphs (optional) -- oscillator phase (depending on imode, this can be either an optional i-rate parameter that defaults to zero or required k-rate). Similarly to kpw, the expected range is 0 to 1.
Note | |
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When a low control-rate is used, pulse width (kpw) and phase (kphs) modulation is internally converted to frequency modulation. This allows for faster processing and reduced artifacts. But in the case of very long notes and continuous fast changes in kpw or kphs, the phase may drift away from the requested value. In most cases, the phase error is at most 0.037 per hour (assuming a sample rate of 44100 Hz). This is a problem mainly in the case of pulse width (kpw), where it may result in various artifacts. While future releases of vco2 may fix such errors, the following work-arounds may also be of some help:
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Here is an example of the vco2 opcode. It uses the file vco2.csd.
Example 483. Example of the vco2 opcode.
See the sections Real-time Audio and Command Line Flags for more information on using command line flags.
<CsoundSynthesizer> <CsOptions> ; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform ; Audio out Audio in No messages -odac -iadc -d ;;;RT audio I/O ; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below: ; -o vco2.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform </CsOptions> <CsInstruments> sr = 44100 ksmps = 10 nchnls = 1 ; user defined waveform -1: trapezoid wave with default parameters (can be ; accessed at ftables starting from 10000) itmp ftgen 1, 0, 16384, 7, 0, 2048, 1, 4096, 1, 4096, -1, 4096, -1, 2048, 0 ift vco2init -1, 10000, 0, 0, 0, 1 ; user defined waveform -2: fixed table size (4096), number of partials ; multiplier is 1.02 (~238 tables) itmp ftgen 2, 0, 16384, 7, 1, 4095, 1, 1, -1, 4095, -1, 1, 0, 8192, 0 ift vco2init -2, ift, 1.02, 4096, 4096, 2 instr 1 kcps expon p4, p3, p5 ; instr 1: basic vco2 example a1 vco2 12000, kcps ; (sawtooth wave with default out a1 ; parameters) endin instr 2 kcps expon p4, p3, p5 ; instr 2: kpw linseg 0.1, p3/2, 0.9, p3/2, 0.1 ; PWM example a1 vco2 10000, kcps, 2, kpw out a1 endin instr 3 kcps expon p4, p3, p5 ; instr 3: vco2 with user a1 vco2 14000, kcps, 14 ; defined waveform (-1) aenv linseg 1, p3 - 0.1, 1, 0.1, 0 ; de-click envelope out a1 * aenv endin instr 4 kcps expon p4, p3, p5 ; instr 4: vco2ft example, kfn vco2ft kcps, -2, 0.25 ; with user defined waveform a1 oscilikt 12000, kcps, kfn ; (-2), and sr/4 bandwidth out a1 endin </CsInstruments> <CsScore> i 1 0 3 20 2000 i 2 4 2 200 400 i 3 7 3 400 20 i 4 11 2 100 200 f 0 14 e </CsScore> </CsoundSynthesizer>